1 00:00:00,260 --> 00:00:13,160 [Music] 2 00:00:20,370 --> 00:00:16,950 hi thank you so much for having me today 3 00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:20,380 so first off I just wanted to talk very 4 00:00:24,450 --> 00:00:22,210 briefly about why methane is so 5 00:00:28,050 --> 00:00:24,460 important for my research so if we look 6 00:00:30,749 --> 00:00:28,060 at methane on earth about 90% of Earth's 7 00:00:33,150 --> 00:00:30,759 methane is generated or has biological 8 00:00:34,770 --> 00:00:33,160 origin prophecies and so I would argue 9 00:00:37,020 --> 00:00:34,780 that the presence of methane in any 10 00:00:39,570 --> 00:00:37,030 terrestrial atmosphere warrants careful 11 00:00:41,820 --> 00:00:39,580 and thorough characterization and so if 12 00:00:44,070 --> 00:00:41,830 we look at methane on Mars my finger 13 00:00:45,990 --> 00:00:44,080 surfs have just discovered a little over 14 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:46,000 a decade ago via both ground-based 15 00:00:50,250 --> 00:00:48,010 measurements and orbital measurements 16 00:00:52,350 --> 00:00:50,260 and both of the results sort of show 17 00:00:54,990 --> 00:00:52,360 that methane is varying over very large 18 00:00:58,680 --> 00:00:55,000 spatial regions and varying seasonally 19 00:01:01,080 --> 00:00:58,690 over time but this discovery was very 20 00:01:03,180 --> 00:01:01,090 controversial because theoretical and 21 00:01:05,460 --> 00:01:03,190 model predictions showed something very 22 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:05,470 different so on through theoretical 23 00:01:10,770 --> 00:01:07,210 prediction the main mechanism for 24 00:01:12,179 --> 00:01:10,780 destruction process in the Martian 25 00:01:14,910 --> 00:01:12,189 atmosphere and upper Martian atmosphere 26 00:01:18,330 --> 00:01:14,920 is through fatalis so sunlight comes in 27 00:01:20,849 --> 00:01:18,340 associate the methane into ch3 and h and 28 00:01:23,789 --> 00:01:20,859 that gives you a methylene lifetime of 29 00:01:25,770 --> 00:01:23,799 around 300 years so theoretical model 30 00:01:27,749 --> 00:01:25,780 predictions we're sort of showing that 31 00:01:29,160 --> 00:01:27,759 methane should be Wommack species in the 32 00:01:31,980 --> 00:01:29,170 atmosphere and shouldn't really be 33 00:01:34,770 --> 00:01:31,990 varying over a spatial or seasonal 34 00:01:36,419 --> 00:01:34,780 timescales but that's not all because 35 00:01:38,910 --> 00:01:36,429 the methane in life time is so short 36 00:01:40,980 --> 00:01:38,920 compared to the age of the planet that's 37 00:01:43,499 --> 00:01:40,990 also indicated that there must be some 38 00:01:45,300 --> 00:01:43,509 present-day source of methane and that 39 00:01:47,370 --> 00:01:45,310 prompted scientists to ask the question 40 00:01:49,830 --> 00:01:47,380 well if methane is being produced today 41 00:01:51,989 --> 00:01:49,840 where is it coming from and there are 42 00:01:53,730 --> 00:01:51,999 several hypotheses in the literature 43 00:01:57,419 --> 00:01:53,740 that go over potential sources for 44 00:02:00,690 --> 00:01:57,429 methane like volcanism serpentinization 45 00:02:04,050 --> 00:02:00,700 subsurface process exogenous sources 46 00:02:06,569 --> 00:02:04,060 like meteorite impacts and cometary and 47 00:02:11,210 --> 00:02:06,579 dust impacts and of course one of the 48 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:11,220 favorites biology and so fast-forward to 49 00:02:16,220 --> 00:02:14,530 2012 when curiosity was first launched 50 00:02:18,229 --> 00:02:16,230 since its 51 00:02:20,960 --> 00:02:18,239 landing on Mars it's actually been 52 00:02:24,229 --> 00:02:20,970 taking methane measurements through the 53 00:02:26,509 --> 00:02:24,239 TLS Sam instrument and so on this plot 54 00:02:28,699 --> 00:02:26,519 basically what we have on the x-axis is 55 00:02:30,500 --> 00:02:28,709 time LS is just a way to denote the 56 00:02:33,289 --> 00:02:30,510 Martian seasons and then on the y-axis 57 00:02:35,780 --> 00:02:33,299 we have the methane concentration and so 58 00:02:37,940 --> 00:02:35,790 over time curiosity has been taking 59 00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:37,950 methane measurements at the surface at 60 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:40,410 Gale Crater and what my group was really 61 00:02:46,850 --> 00:02:44,610 interested in is the highest methane 62 00:02:48,289 --> 00:02:46,860 concentration that was reported by 63 00:02:52,610 --> 00:02:48,299 curiosity 64 00:02:54,589 --> 00:02:52,620 so basically methane sort of rapidly 65 00:02:57,920 --> 00:02:54,599 increases to the highest methane metric 66 00:03:00,559 --> 00:02:57,930 methane concentration and then 47 Sol's 67 00:03:03,050 --> 00:03:00,569 later they see the methane right back 68 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:03,060 down almost at zero concentration which 69 00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:05,010 is sort of like varying at a background 70 00:03:09,890 --> 00:03:07,290 level of 0.7 parts per billion per 71 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:09,900 volume and so our group wanted to see if 72 00:03:14,839 --> 00:03:12,450 we could reconcile and recreate this 73 00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:14,849 behavior build up and then rapid 74 00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:17,370 decrease with our 1d photochemical model 75 00:03:21,289 --> 00:03:19,500 at most and it was actually mentioned in 76 00:03:23,569 --> 00:03:21,299 the talk in the previous section by 77 00:03:25,909 --> 00:03:23,579 Andrew where we have a 1d photochemical 78 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:25,919 model that it's climate and has 79 00:03:31,759 --> 00:03:28,410 photochemistry his was using the coupled 80 00:03:33,650 --> 00:03:31,769 model and mine is solely using the photo 81 00:03:36,170 --> 00:03:33,660 chemistry side and if you want to know 82 00:03:38,180 --> 00:03:36,180 more about Atmos you can see the poster 83 00:03:39,500 --> 00:03:38,190 by our assessment airlock muda who's 84 00:03:43,159 --> 00:03:39,510 going to be in the first poster session 85 00:03:45,140 --> 00:03:43,169 today but basically what happens in the 86 00:03:47,390 --> 00:03:45,150 bottle we start at a starting point 87 00:03:49,580 --> 00:03:47,400 concentration which will henceforth be 88 00:03:52,190 --> 00:03:49,590 on the ch4 background that's where we're 89 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:52,200 going to start and then we know what the 90 00:03:56,180 --> 00:03:54,450 highest methane measurement was and in 91 00:03:57,379 --> 00:03:56,190 the model what we want to try to do is 92 00:03:59,839 --> 00:03:57,389 we want to try to start from the 93 00:04:02,180 --> 00:03:59,849 background concentration build up the 94 00:04:04,309 --> 00:04:02,190 methane concentration to the highest 95 00:04:06,589 --> 00:04:04,319 observed measurement using the 96 00:04:08,990 --> 00:04:06,599 atmospheric processes and photochemistry 97 00:04:11,119 --> 00:04:09,000 that we know about Mars and then start 98 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:11,129 at the highest methane measurement run 99 00:04:14,780 --> 00:04:13,290 the model again and see if we can break 100 00:04:17,390 --> 00:04:14,790 down the methane to background 101 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:17,400 concentrations in time scales consistent 102 00:04:22,219 --> 00:04:20,250 with the Curiosity rover and we also 103 00:04:23,570 --> 00:04:22,229 similarly wanted to try this with the 104 00:04:25,670 --> 00:04:23,580 lowest methane measurement where we 105 00:04:27,830 --> 00:04:25,680 start at the lowest we build it up to 106 00:04:29,300 --> 00:04:27,840 the background concentration and then we 107 00:04:29,870 --> 00:04:29,310 start at the background and break it 108 00:04:32,180 --> 00:04:29,880 back to 109 00:04:34,100 --> 00:04:32,190 you the lowest methane concentration but 110 00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:34,110 before we can do that we need to know 111 00:04:38,750 --> 00:04:36,210 what flux is we need to use in order to 112 00:04:42,110 --> 00:04:38,760 sustain these concentrations at long 113 00:04:43,670 --> 00:04:42,120 timescales and so on the x-axis here we 114 00:04:45,430 --> 00:04:43,680 have flux which is basically just the 115 00:04:48,050 --> 00:04:45,440 rate at which the species is being 116 00:04:50,210 --> 00:04:48,060 released into the atmosphere and the 117 00:04:51,500 --> 00:04:50,220 y-axis we have the concentration and 118 00:04:54,860 --> 00:04:51,510 these are all the fluxes that I 119 00:04:57,710 --> 00:04:54,870 calculated that would produce particular 120 00:04:59,270 --> 00:04:57,720 methane concentrations so any flux above 121 00:05:01,610 --> 00:04:59,280 the black line could produce the 122 00:05:02,660 --> 00:05:01,620 background concentration fluxes above 123 00:05:04,370 --> 00:05:02,670 the purple line or the lowest 124 00:05:07,730 --> 00:05:04,380 measurement and then this particular 125 00:05:09,410 --> 00:05:07,740 flux above the red line can sustain the 126 00:05:10,810 --> 00:05:09,420 highest methane measurement at long 127 00:05:16,970 --> 00:05:10,820 steady-state 128 00:05:19,520 --> 00:05:16,980 timescales so then when we were trying 129 00:05:21,260 --> 00:05:19,530 to do this calculation what we wanted to 130 00:05:24,230 --> 00:05:21,270 do is we wanted to use time dependent 131 00:05:25,550 --> 00:05:24,240 calculations basically stop the model at 132 00:05:27,650 --> 00:05:25,560 time scales consistent with the 133 00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:27,660 Curiosity rover to see what would happen 134 00:05:31,820 --> 00:05:29,940 and see how the methane concentration 135 00:05:33,050 --> 00:05:31,830 would change and what we found was that 136 00:05:35,420 --> 00:05:33,060 if we start at the background 137 00:05:36,670 --> 00:05:35,430 concentration and we run the model with 138 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:36,680 that flux that I showed you previously 139 00:05:41,660 --> 00:05:38,970 we can build up the methane to the 140 00:05:43,280 --> 00:05:41,670 highest methane concentration within the 141 00:05:46,280 --> 00:05:43,290 time scales that are consistent with the 142 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:46,290 Curiosity rover but if we start at the 143 00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:48,330 highest concentration and we try to 144 00:05:52,220 --> 00:05:49,890 break down the methane on those same 145 00:05:54,290 --> 00:05:52,230 time scales we find me concentration 146 00:05:57,410 --> 00:05:54,300 sort of levels off and Peters off and 147 00:06:01,820 --> 00:05:57,420 doesn't really reach the background for 148 00:06:04,850 --> 00:06:01,830 the lowest methane concentrations we did 149 00:06:06,230 --> 00:06:04,860 this experiment again build it up and we 150 00:06:08,270 --> 00:06:06,240 can find that we build it up to the 151 00:06:11,000 --> 00:06:08,280 background concentration well within 152 00:06:12,890 --> 00:06:11,010 those observational time scales and then 153 00:06:16,310 --> 00:06:12,900 we find that we can depict that 154 00:06:19,430 --> 00:06:16,320 destruction process as well but because 155 00:06:20,840 --> 00:06:19,440 our results were not necessarily what we 156 00:06:23,390 --> 00:06:20,850 wanted in terms of the destruction 157 00:06:25,520 --> 00:06:23,400 timescales for that methane we wanted to 158 00:06:27,410 --> 00:06:25,530 see if we can incorporate oxidant fluxes 159 00:06:29,270 --> 00:06:27,420 to help aid in the process of 160 00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:29,280 destruction and see if we could break 161 00:06:32,480 --> 00:06:30,690 down the methane and time scales 162 00:06:35,270 --> 00:06:32,490 consistent with what the Rover was 163 00:06:38,750 --> 00:06:35,280 actually seen and so just to show you 164 00:06:41,270 --> 00:06:38,760 again without the oxygen flux we got 165 00:06:44,300 --> 00:06:41,280 down through that 1.09 threshold in 166 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:44,310 about 27 Martian 167 00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:46,890 but with the addition of an oxidant flux 168 00:06:51,350 --> 00:06:49,290 we found that in the time skills we 169 00:06:54,350 --> 00:06:51,360 still couldn't get below that 1.09 170 00:06:56,960 --> 00:06:54,360 threshold and the oxidant flux actually 171 00:07:01,190 --> 00:06:56,970 didn't really accelerate the process too 172 00:07:03,380 --> 00:07:01,200 much and so this led us to see well if 173 00:07:05,540 --> 00:07:03,390 we use steady-state calculations which 174 00:07:07,430 --> 00:07:05,550 is basically increasing the model time 175 00:07:10,550 --> 00:07:07,440 and letting the model go all the way to 176 00:07:12,590 --> 00:07:10,560 equilibrium time skills on the order of 177 00:07:14,900 --> 00:07:12,600 the age of the universe we wanted to see 178 00:07:17,210 --> 00:07:14,910 a can we break down the methane to that 179 00:07:19,460 --> 00:07:17,220 background concentration and if we can 180 00:07:21,530 --> 00:07:19,470 how long does it take and does the 181 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:21,540 presence of an oxidant and to accelerate 182 00:07:25,460 --> 00:07:23,370 the process and so here are the results 183 00:07:28,100 --> 00:07:25,470 from those studies here where we have 184 00:07:30,650 --> 00:07:28,110 time now in Martian years studies and 185 00:07:33,860 --> 00:07:30,660 then we have the methane concentration 186 00:07:36,500 --> 00:07:33,870 on the y axis and so with the OClO flux 187 00:07:38,600 --> 00:07:36,510 off at the oxidant flux off we can see 188 00:07:41,150 --> 00:07:38,610 that we actually do reach and go below 189 00:07:43,430 --> 00:07:41,160 the background concentrations and then 190 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:43,440 with the presence of an oxidant if we 191 00:07:48,050 --> 00:07:46,170 zoom into this portion here we actually 192 00:07:50,900 --> 00:07:48,060 see that the addition of the oxidant 193 00:07:52,880 --> 00:07:50,910 accelerates the process significantly so 194 00:07:54,050 --> 00:07:52,890 we're talking hundreds of Martian years 195 00:07:56,420 --> 00:07:54,060 to get down to the background 196 00:07:58,880 --> 00:07:56,430 concentration without the oxidant flux 197 00:08:00,380 --> 00:07:58,890 but once we incorporate the oxidant flux 198 00:08:03,080 --> 00:08:00,390 we're getting down to the background 199 00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:03,090 concentration in about 10 Martian years 200 00:08:07,580 --> 00:08:05,130 but that's still inconsistent with the 201 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:07,590 Rover observations since it wasn't years 202 00:08:14,420 --> 00:08:12,090 it was 47 days but we wanted to see if 203 00:08:16,370 --> 00:08:14,430 our model results were consistent with 204 00:08:19,130 --> 00:08:16,380 others in the literature and so we 205 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:19,140 looked to a paper sugar at all 2012 that 206 00:08:23,900 --> 00:08:21,450 talked about methane concentrations be 207 00:08:26,480 --> 00:08:23,910 generated through exogenous sources 208 00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:26,490 basically the Martian meteorites and 209 00:08:30,980 --> 00:08:28,770 chondrites and then idps which are 210 00:08:33,680 --> 00:08:30,990 interplanetary dust particles they 211 00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:33,690 showed that that can produce 2.2 to 11 212 00:08:37,430 --> 00:08:35,490 per billion per volume and methane 213 00:08:39,800 --> 00:08:37,440 concentration and so that's actually 214 00:08:44,420 --> 00:08:39,810 consistent with our flux calculations 215 00:08:47,180 --> 00:08:44,430 and our results there but what we wanted 216 00:08:49,910 --> 00:08:47,190 to do following that procedure was we 217 00:08:52,090 --> 00:08:49,920 wanted to see well can we model the 218 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:52,100 background fluctuations in the methane 219 00:08:55,820 --> 00:08:54,210 concentration over the course of the 220 00:08:57,250 --> 00:08:55,830 Martian year because in the literature 221 00:09:02,050 --> 00:08:57,260 there have been fewer 222 00:09:06,940 --> 00:09:02,060 theories that methane could be varying 223 00:09:08,890 --> 00:09:06,950 with the UV seasonal variations so our 224 00:09:11,050 --> 00:09:08,900 approach was to incorporate UV 225 00:09:14,230 --> 00:09:11,060 measurements from another instrument on 226 00:09:15,820 --> 00:09:14,240 the Curiosity rover wrens and then 227 00:09:17,350 --> 00:09:15,830 interpolate those measurements so that 228 00:09:19,420 --> 00:09:17,360 we have something for every day in the 229 00:09:22,210 --> 00:09:19,430 Martian year and then account for the 230 00:09:24,070 --> 00:09:22,220 effects of dust and step three is 231 00:09:26,140 --> 00:09:24,080 arguably one of the most important parts 232 00:09:29,470 --> 00:09:26,150 to this because the dust actually has a 233 00:09:32,020 --> 00:09:29,480 really big effect but we actually don't 234 00:09:34,300 --> 00:09:32,030 have dust particle physics and I won the 235 00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:34,310 photochemical model so I'll explain a 236 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:35,930 little bit about how we account for the 237 00:09:40,330 --> 00:09:37,850 effects of dust so we have the ground 238 00:09:42,640 --> 00:09:40,340 and we have incoming sunlight basically 239 00:09:45,070 --> 00:09:42,650 what the dust does is it blocks some of 240 00:09:46,570 --> 00:09:45,080 that sunlight that hits the surface and 241 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:46,580 so we wanted to sort of model that 242 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:48,650 behavior decreasing the amount of 243 00:09:52,390 --> 00:09:49,850 sunlight because we know there's 244 00:09:55,050 --> 00:09:52,400 absorption due to dust and scattering 245 00:09:57,970 --> 00:09:55,060 due to dust and so we use the radiative 246 00:10:01,510 --> 00:09:57,980 standard radiative transfer equation to 247 00:10:03,550 --> 00:10:01,520 sort of figure out what is the flux 248 00:10:06,190 --> 00:10:03,560 that's actually hitting the surface so 249 00:10:09,790 --> 00:10:06,200 REMS actually measures tau and we know 250 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:09,800 the original flux coming in as a model 251 00:10:13,960 --> 00:10:11,930 input and parameter so we can calculate 252 00:10:16,420 --> 00:10:13,970 the amount of sunlight that's actually 253 00:10:19,390 --> 00:10:16,430 hitting the surface and then account for 254 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:19,400 the effects of dust in that way so by 255 00:10:25,180 --> 00:10:22,250 incorporating the REMS measurements so 256 00:10:27,580 --> 00:10:25,190 we have Martian days on the x-axis and 257 00:10:31,030 --> 00:10:27,590 then we have the concentration and what 258 00:10:33,370 --> 00:10:31,040 the REMS instrument was measuring on the 259 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:33,380 other y axis and then we have the some 260 00:10:39,670 --> 00:10:35,810 of the Sam data here for reference when 261 00:10:41,980 --> 00:10:39,680 I incorporated flux of methane that was 262 00:10:45,420 --> 00:10:41,990 staying constant throughout the year we 263 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:45,430 found that the changes in the methane 264 00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:49,010 were being produced via changes in the 265 00:10:55,060 --> 00:10:52,370 REMS and the UV so we were showing that 266 00:10:59,710 --> 00:10:55,070 there are seasonal variations in methane 267 00:11:01,810 --> 00:10:59,720 due to the unique flux but we found that 268 00:11:03,340 --> 00:11:01,820 we're only really correctly predicting 269 00:11:05,710 --> 00:11:03,350 one of the Sam measurements and we're 270 00:11:08,460 --> 00:11:05,720 sort of off shooting and over predicting 271 00:11:11,100 --> 00:11:08,470 the other two so by incorporating 272 00:11:13,500 --> 00:11:11,110 a second flux and doing the calculation 273 00:11:15,900 --> 00:11:13,510 over again keeping that methane counts 274 00:11:18,680 --> 00:11:15,910 that methane flux constant or seeing 275 00:11:21,180 --> 00:11:18,690 that we can basically predict correctly 276 00:11:23,220 --> 00:11:21,190 the same measurements but on an 277 00:11:26,100 --> 00:11:23,230 individual basis and it takes some range 278 00:11:28,910 --> 00:11:26,110 of fluxes in order to characterize this 279 00:11:31,980 --> 00:11:28,920 behavior and so just to summarize 280 00:11:34,500 --> 00:11:31,990 basically for the steady-state runs we 281 00:11:35,880 --> 00:11:34,510 are determining the fluxes needed in 282 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:35,890 order to sustain the methane 283 00:11:42,540 --> 00:11:40,330 concentrations and our model fluxes and 284 00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:42,550 calculations are consistent with papers 285 00:11:47,490 --> 00:11:44,770 in the literature like sugar at all 2012 286 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:47,500 and for the time dependent calculations 287 00:11:51,390 --> 00:11:49,810 are basically showing that it's easy to 288 00:11:53,970 --> 00:11:51,400 build up the methane and time scales 289 00:11:57,630 --> 00:11:53,980 consistent with the Curiosity rover but 290 00:12:00,090 --> 00:11:57,640 much harder to break them down on those 291 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:00,100 same observational timescales and this 292 00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:01,650 is true even with the addition of 293 00:12:08,070 --> 00:12:05,770 oxidant fluxes and then we found if we 294 00:12:10,520 --> 00:12:08,080 use the steady-state runs then we find 295 00:12:13,560 --> 00:12:10,530 that we can get down to the background 296 00:12:15,630 --> 00:12:13,570 concentration and the process is much 297 00:12:17,460 --> 00:12:15,640 faster and the destruction process is 298 00:12:22,170 --> 00:12:17,470 much faster with the incorporation of 299 00:12:24,720 --> 00:12:22,180 the oxidant and then for the 300 00:12:27,650 --> 00:12:24,730 steady-state calculations for the 301 00:12:30,450 --> 00:12:27,660 Martian year we find that we can depict 302 00:12:33,900 --> 00:12:30,460 variations in the background methane 303 00:12:36,540 --> 00:12:33,910 concentration and the time dependent 304 00:12:38,610 --> 00:12:36,550 effects were ignored for this but we can 305 00:12:40,470 --> 00:12:38,620 explain any of the individual methane 306 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:40,480 measurements as independent 307 00:12:44,700 --> 00:12:42,010 concentrations when we use the 308 00:12:47,130 --> 00:12:44,710 steady-state calculations and so with 309 00:12:52,540 --> 00:12:47,140 that I'll open it up to questions thank 310 00:13:08,269 --> 00:13:05,720 Thank You amber any questions do you 311 00:13:11,120 --> 00:13:08,279 have any hunch or what that unknown 312 00:13:14,930 --> 00:13:11,130 oxidant might be and maybe why we 313 00:13:17,420 --> 00:13:14,940 haven't detected it yet well so the 314 00:13:20,689 --> 00:13:17,430 oxidant flux that I incorporated is not 315 00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:20,699 necessarily unknown those fluxes were 316 00:13:25,250 --> 00:13:23,190 calculated from an atreya at all 2016 317 00:13:28,759 --> 00:13:25,260 paper that was looking at how can we 318 00:13:30,650 --> 00:13:28,769 produce pakora concentrations that have 319 00:13:34,160 --> 00:13:30,660 been seen by other Landers and Rovers 320 00:13:36,100 --> 00:13:34,170 missions and so we just used their OClO 321 00:13:39,019 --> 00:13:36,110 fluxes and their calculated fluxes 322 00:13:40,759 --> 00:13:39,029 incorporated them into the model to see 323 00:13:43,160 --> 00:13:40,769 if we can break down the methane 324 00:13:45,170 --> 00:13:43,170 concentration does that answer your 325 00:13:47,329 --> 00:13:45,180 question yeah sorry I'm just not an 326 00:13:49,670 --> 00:13:47,339 expert on this so no know how the 327 00:13:52,430 --> 00:13:49,680 perchlorate is getting into the 328 00:13:52,939 --> 00:13:52,440 atmosphere and oxidizing methane in the 329 00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:52,949 atmosphere 330 00:13:57,290 --> 00:13:55,110 I believe they found the caloric 331 00:13:58,579 --> 00:13:57,300 concentrations in different rock samples 332 00:14:00,500 --> 00:13:58,589 that they were taking and they were 333 00:14:03,350 --> 00:14:00,510 wondering how the court get there and 334 00:14:05,300 --> 00:14:03,360 trying to figure out what fluxes would 335 00:14:07,009 --> 00:14:05,310 be needed in order to produce those four 336 00:14:23,340 --> 00:14:07,019 core concentrations okay I got your 337 00:14:27,629 --> 00:14:25,920 it's a question so you were talking 338 00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:27,639 about the seasonal variations but it is 339 00:14:30,930 --> 00:14:29,170 only for one year that you're talking 340 00:14:33,269 --> 00:14:30,940 about or is it more than one you correct 341 00:14:34,860 --> 00:14:33,279 only one year that we were modeling is 342 00:14:36,389 --> 00:14:34,870 there a possibility to just check year 343 00:14:38,430 --> 00:14:36,399 by year if there is a party issue is 344 00:14:40,590 --> 00:14:38,440 that um that's a good point and we've 345 00:14:42,389 --> 00:14:40,600 actually been thinking about doing more 346 00:14:44,639 --> 00:14:42,399 of these studies with different parts of 347 00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:44,649 the Martian year but the problem is that 348 00:14:49,170 --> 00:14:47,290 with the Curiosity data I wanted to make 349 00:14:51,329 --> 00:14:49,180 sure that I was including some of the 350 00:14:52,710 --> 00:14:51,339 actual measurements so that we could 351 00:14:55,259 --> 00:14:52,720 have a comparison between what's 352 00:14:56,850 --> 00:14:55,269 observed versus what's predicted but I 353 00:14:59,189 --> 00:14:56,860 definitely do want to see whether or not 354 00:15:01,199 --> 00:14:59,199 it's going to vary over longer time 355 00:15:08,100 --> 00:15:01,209 scales and year to year time skills and